This review is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of DNA copy number variations (CNVs) identified in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) from the literature. The selection of publications was conducted using specifically developed criteria. CNVs were characterized based on their clinical significance, type of copy number alteration (microdeletion/microduplication), size, origin, and gene content. The study sample comprised 3375 patients with NDDs. Pathogenic and likely pathogenic CNVs, as well as variants of uncertain clinical significance, were identified in 395 individuals (12%). Chromosomal variations of each category were identified in 89 (3%), 56 (2%), and 241 (7%) patients, respectively. Nine individuals exhibited combinations of CNVs with different clinical significance. The number of duplications slightly exceeded the number of deletions (250 and 204, respectively). The size of most CNVs ranged from 193 bp to 400 kb and from 1 to 3 Mb (237 and 96, respectively). Seventy-two variants originated de novo, while 165 were inherited. Eighty-six CNVs were associated with 33 known microdeletion/microduplication syndromes. The most prevalent syndromes were 1q21.1 duplication (7/395, 1.8%) (OMIM: 612475), 2p16.3 deletion (9/395, 2.3%) (OMIM: 614332), 15q13.3 deletion (7/395, 1.8%) (OMIM: 612001), 16p11.2 deletion (9/395, 2.3%) (OMIM: 611913), and 22q11.2 duplication (7/395, 1.8%) (OMIM: 608363) syndromes. Enrichment analysis revealed that pathogenic CNVs, as well as variants of uncertain clinical significance, are enriched in genes associated with abnormal behavioral and neurological phenotypes. Likely pathogenic CNVs included genes associated with disorders of the nervous system and homeostasis/metabolism.