Modern methods of DNA probe synthesis for fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish): technologies and applications

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) remains an indispensable tool for molecular diagnostics, which makes it possible to detect chromosomal abnormalities underlying many hereditary and oncological diseases with high accuracy. The advancement of medicine towards personalized approaches and the expansion of the spectrum of diagnosed pathologies require constant improvement of methods for synthesizing DNA probes. Despite existing limitations such as the cost and complexity of synthesis, the future of FISH diagnostics is linked to the development of highly specific, multiplex, and affordable probes that will enable the transition to complex genome and transcriptome analysis. The aim of this article was to reflect the evolution of probe production methods from classical to high-tech, including SABER-FISH, CRISPR/Cas9 (CASFISH), and smFISH technologies.

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