Reconstruction of the origin of the gydan nents based on genetic analysis of their tribal structure using a new set of YSTR-marker

The genetic structure of the Nenets clans was investigated by Y-chromosome markers using the developed YSTR set to determine the population origin of an unknown individual. The analysis of the frequencies of haplogroups and YSTR-haplotypes indicate that the Nenets clans are related associations, in most cases having one ancestor in the male lineage. It is shown that the Y-chromosomal gene pool of the Nenets is structured according to the tribal principle. For the vast majority of samples, a close genetic affinity of representatives of the same tribe and a relatively recent founder effect in the male lineage were revealed. The structure of the haplotypes of the Y-chromosome haplogroups in the Nenets gene pool demonstrates the genetic affinity of the Nenets with the Khanty and Enets. significant differences between the two Nenets phratries were revealed. Estimation of the age of origin of individual Y-chromosome sublines and tribal clusters of haplotypes is fully consistent with ethnographic data on the formation of tribes and phratries within the Gydan Nenets. The results of a comparative analysis of the spectrum of haplotypes convincingly indicate the specificity of Y-chromosome sublines and clusters of haplotypes not only at the level of ethnic groups and populations, but also at the level of phratries, tribes, and individual family groups. With a few exceptions, each phratry and tribe has its own specific cluster of haplotypes, equidistant from each other.

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